[P-047]
LEAF MINERS ON WILD AND CULTIVATED MEDICINAL PLANTS IN SERBIA

Nenad Lj. DIMIĆ1, Pantelija V. PERIĆ1 and Marina M. CVETKOVIĆ2
1Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Teodora Drajzera 9, 11000 Belgrade, FR Yugoslavia
2Federal Institute of Plant and Animal Genetic Resources, Oml. brigada 1, 11000 Belgrade, FR Yugoslavia

INTRODUCTION

Our country is very rich with different medicinal plants, especially in mountainous regions. Medicinal plants are of great and multiple importance. In fact, it was proved that large number of plants have high medicinal effect. Thanks to the development of science, apparatus, and research and industry equipment, the effect and importance of the species of medicinal plants from the traditional popular medicine and in plant material, new active substances having therapeutic effect have been discovered in the plant material. Due to this, the application of medicinal and aromatic plants for human therapy has increased considerably. Contemporary knowledge about usability of some medicinal and aromatic plants has contributed to the development of many fields of light industry (pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, chemical...).

Cultivated and wild medicinal plants are attacked and damaged by different pests. Among them, the insects belonging to the group of leaf miners have an important place. The same as other pests, they slow down and stop the growth and development of the attacked plants, and often cause their decay. In that way, the quality and quantity of the yield is reduced (change of composition, loss of therapeutical properties, pollution). However, protection of medicinal plant against pests, especially leaf miners, is specific and very delicate. There is big danger from additional pollution caused by residual effect of insecticides and a negative therapeutical effect of these plants. Detailed knowledge about harmful species and their development is the basis for additional successful protection of medicinal as well as all other plants. In fact, our several-year research is only a trial or the beginning of the solving the problem of medicinal plant protection, without subsequent harmful effect for the users.

According to the data available from the scientific and skillful literature, it is completely clear that the problems of the occurrence of the leaf miners of medicinal plants, researched in this study, have not been investigated in our region so far.


MATERIAL AND METHODS

Because of the many reasons, leaf miners have to be researched in the biggest possible number of the localities of one region, and analyzing the large number of samples. Practically, all plants and leaves of one locality have to be examined. So far, the material from different localities from the regions of Vranje, Čačak, Zrenjanin, Bela Crkva, Subotica, Sremska Mitrovica, Vrnjačka Banja, Banja Koviljača, Studenica, Grocka, Obrenovac, Smederevska Palanka, Novi Sad, Čortanovci, Vršac and Belgrade, as well as Budva and Ulcinj has been collected and scientifically researched. 1124 localities from the region of Belgrade have been included in this study. Those certainly are not localities where medicinal plants are collected in order to be used, but they spontaneously grow there and the insects from the group of leaf miners attack them.

Collecting and researching leaf miners of medicinal plants were carried out depending on the species and number of plant species, expressed interest for some plant species or leaf miners, as well as on the availability of the localities, and it was performed one or several times (up to 20, and most often three times). Most of leaf miners could be collected in autumn, when it is easiest. However, the other aspects of the vegetation must not be neglected, because all species do not appear in the same period. Some species of leaf miners (especially univoltine) occur only in the certain period (early spring, spring, summer, autumn), and in very short time interval, needed for the growth. Before and after that time they cannot be registered. Due to this, during the year, larger number of the inspections in the same locality and the same plants is indispensable.

During the inspection, material collecting, and sample analysis, all those species cited by Tucakov (1960), Grlić (1986), Jančić (1996), Kojić et al. (1999), etc. were included into the group of medicinal plants. So far, 194 plants belonging to 54 families and 125 genera have been studied. Simultaneously with collecting the material and registering, the intensity of the occurrence was evaluated, i.e. the number of each species was proved separately (by the scale from 1-5). In the species with extremely numerous population densities, population dynamics, and course of the development under the ecological conditions of Belgrade were investigated (Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimić, Parectopa robiniella Clem., Calotilia fidella Rtti., Stigmella aceris Frey, Parna tenella Klug., etc.). This is of big importance for the detection of the method and moment for appropriate time of intervention. These studies were disturbed by different external factors, especially by treatments against mosquitoes.

Determination of miners was carried out according to the Tables for leaf miner determination by Hering (1957) for the species from family Coleophoridae) and key for Diptera from Spencer (1972). Synonimia was checked on actual, valid lists: A checklist of British insects (Kloet, 1972) and List Systematique et synonymique des Lepidopteres de France, Belgique et Corse (Leraut, 1980).

In addition to leaf miners, their natural enemies were also collected and cultivated.


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

During the work on medicinal plant research, 228 species of leaf miners from four orders, 22 families, and 62 genera have been proved. The highest number of the proved species (two-thirds) belongs to the order of Lepidoptera, (152 species or 66.67%). One third of the detected leaf miner species (33.33%) belongs to the remaining three orders: most of all Diptera (53 species or 23.24%), Coleoptera (13 species or 5.70%) and then Hymenoptera (10 species or 4.39%).

The highest number of literature references (Bebić, 1955; Čuturilo, 1952; Dimić, 1976; Dimić et al., 1999; Grujičić and Tomašević, 1956; Hadžistević, 1955; Igrc and Maceljski, 1983; Injac and Grgurević, 1982; Jeremić, 1954, 1963; Maceljski and Igrc, 1984; Martinović and Bjegović, 1950; Mihajlović et al., 1993; Novaković, 1963; Petrik, 1950; Ristić and Mihajlović, 1994; Tomić et al., 1992; Živojinović, 1963) was consulted in order to find out the previous knowledge about the existence and occurrence of the certain species in the region of the investigation, i.e. the Republic of Serbia.

Leaf miners are small insects without our domestic common name. Due to this only scientific, Latin names of the species are used.

Moths (152), are represented by the species from 14 families and 29 genera. The family Agromyzidae has the highest number of species (45 species or 84.91%). The remaining eight species (15.09%), belong to the other three families, most to the family Muscidae (5 species or 9.43%).

So far, 13 species of Coleoptera miners, from three families and eight genera have been registered. All representatives of Hymenoptera (10 species), belong to one familiy and to nine genera.

Among 194 plant species investigated, leaf miners were proved on 167 (86.08%) of plants, from 41 families and 103 genera. The most frequent plants belong to the family Rosaceae (25 species or 14.97%), Asteraceae (22 species or 13.17%), Fabaceae (12 species or 7.18%), Lamiaceae (11 species or 6.59%) and Solanaceae (9 plants or 5.39%). Leaf miners were not proved on 27 medicinal plant species (13.92%), form 13 families and 22 genera.

According to the so far obtained results, the highest numbers of leaf miners inhabits the plants form the following genera: Quercus (18), Malus (17), Populus (16), Crataegus (15), Prunus (14), Ulmus (11), Lamium (10), Pyrus (10), Sorbus (10), etc. On the remaining plant genera between one and nine miner species can be registered (for example: Acer, Aesculus, Quercus, etc.). Leaf miners are very rarely polifagous. Some miner species are specific and they are characteristic only for certain plants (species and genera), i.e. the miners are previously monofagous and oligofagous. So they are extremely reliable determinators of plants.


Table 1. Proved leaf miners, according to the genera of medicinal plants
Acer
    Caloptilia semifascia Hw.
    Etainia sphendamni Hg.
    Heterarthrus aceris Kltb.
    Hinatara recta Thoms.
    Nepticula speciosa Frey
    Phyllonorycter geniculella Rag.
    Phyllonorycter sylvella Hw.
    Stigmella aceris Frey
Aesculus
    Cameraria ohridella Deschka&Dimić
 Agrimonia
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Ectoedemia agrimoniae Frey
    Fenella nigrita Westw.
    Nepticula nitens Fol.
    Tischeria heinemani Wck.
Agropyrum
    Phytobia lateralis Mcq.
Alnus
    Stigmella glutinosae Stt.
Althaea
    Trachys coruscus Ponza
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Amygdalus
    Phyllonorycter cerasicolella Z.
    Ramphus oxyacanthae Mrsh.
    Recurvaria nanella Hb.
    Tischeria gaunacella Dp.
Apium
    Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Arctium
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
    Phytomyza lappina Gour
Aristolochia
    Millieria dolosana H.S.
Armoracia
    Plutella maculipennis Curt.
Artemisia
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza artemisicola Meij.
    Liriomyza de-meijerei Hg.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
    Phytobia artemisiae Kltb.
Atriplex
    Chrysoesthia hermannella F.
    Chrysoesthia sexguttella Thbg.
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb.
    Pegomya betae atriplicis Gour
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Bellis
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
Betula
    Nepticula confusella Wood
   Parornix betulae Stt.
    Phyllonorycter ulmifoliella Hb.
    Scolioneura betulae Zdd.
    Trachys minutus L.
Brassica
    Ceuthorrhynchus napi Gyllh.
    Ceuthorrhynchus rapae Gyllh.
    Ceuthorrhynchus quadridens Panz.
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza brassicae Ril.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
    Plutella maculipennis Curt.
    Psylliodes chrysocephala L.
Buxus
    Monarthropalpus buxi Gffr.
Calamintha
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Calendula
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Cannabis
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Capsella
    Ceuthorrhynchus napi Gyllh.
    Ceuthorrhynchus rapae Gyllh.
    Ceuthorrhynchus quadridens Panz.
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza brassicae Ril.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
    Plutella maculipennis Curt.
    Psylliodes chrysocephala L.
Capsicum
    Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb.
Carpinus
    Coleophora milvipennis Zell.
    Parornix carpinella Frey
    Phyllonorycter quinnata Gffr.
    Phyllonorycter tenerella Joann.
    Stigmella carpinella Heyd.
    Stigmella sp.
    Stigmella sp.
Castanea
    Tischeria decidua Wck.
    Tischeria ekebladella Bjk.
Centaurea
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Chamomilla
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Napomyza lateralis Fallén
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Chenopodium
    Chrysoesthia hermannella F.
    Chrysoesthia sexguttella Thbg.
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Pegomya hyoscyami chenopodii Rond.
    Phorbia (Delia) echinata Ség.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Cichorium
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza sonchi Hd.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Napomyza lateralis Fallén
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Clematis
    Phytomyza rectae hoppiana Hg.
    Phytomyza vitalbae Kltb.
Colchicum
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
Convolvulus
    Bedellia somnulentella Z.
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Cornus
    Antispila petryi Mart
    Antispila pfeifferella Hb.
    Phytomyza agromyzina Mg.
Corylus
    Coleophora milvipennis Z.
    Nepticula
    microtheriella Stt.
    Parornix devoniella Stt.
    Phyllonorycter nicellii Stt.
Crataegus
    Bucculatrix crataegi Z:
    Leucoptera scitella Z.
    Nepticula ignobilella Stt.
    Nepticula pygmaeella Hw.
    Parornix anglicella Stt.
    Phyllonorycter corylifoliella Hb.
   Phyllonorycter oxyacanthae Frey
    Ramphus oxyacanthae Mrsh.
    Stigmella hybnerella Hb.
    Stigmella nylanderiella Tgstr.
    Stigmella oxyacanthella Stt.
    Stigmella paradoxa Frey
    Stigmella regiella H.S.
    Stigmella sp.
    Trachys minutus L.
Cucurbita
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Cydonia
    Coleophora hornigi Toll.
    Coleophora paripennella Z.
    Nepticula pomella Vaugh.
    Parornix anguliferella Z.
    Phyllonorycter corylifoliella F.
    Phyllonorycter cydoniella F.
    Phyllonorycter mespilella Frey
    Recurvaria nanella D.-Sch.
Datura
    Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb.
    Pegomya hyoscyami Pnz.
Daucus
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Euphorbia
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza pascuum Mg.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Fagus
    Nepticula tityrella Stt.
    Parornix fagivora Frey
    Phyllonorycter maestingella Müll.
    Rhynchaenus fagi L.
    Stigmella hemargyrella Koll.
Fragaria
    Agromyza rubi Bri.
    Nepticula dulcella Hein.
    Nepticula fragariella Heyd.
Fraxinus
    Caloptilia syringella F.
    Prays fraxinella Bjk.
Galeopsis
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Dibolia sp.
    Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Galium
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
Genista
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Agromyza genistae Hd.
Glechoma
    Agromyza flavipennis Hd.
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Coleophora sp.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Napomyza glechomae Kltb.
    Phytobia labiatarum Hd.
    Phytobia lamii Kltb.
Hedera
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
Helianthus
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Helleborus
    Phytomyza hellebori Kltb.
Hordeum
    Chromatomya nigra Mg.
Humulus
    Agromyza reptans Fll.
    Caloptilia fidella Rtti
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Cosmopterix zieglerella Hb.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Hyoscyamus
    Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Pegomya hyoscyami Pnz.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Hypericum
    Calybites auroguttella Stph.
    Fomoria septembrella Stt.
    Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Pegomya hyoscyami Kltb.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Juglans
    Caloptilia oscipennella
    Hb.
Lactuca
    Agromyza apfelbecki Strb.
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza sonchi Hd.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Melanagromyza cunctata Mg.
    Phytomyza sonchi Hd.
Lamium
    Agromyza flavipennis Hd.
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Coleophora sp.
    Dibolia sp.
    Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytobia lamii Kltb.
    Phytobia labiatarum Hd.
    Phytobia morionella Ztt.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Larix
    Coleophora laricella Hb.
Levisticum
    Philophylla heraclei L.
    Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Lolium
    Chromatomya nigra Mg.
Malus
    Callisto denticulella Thnbg.
    Coleophora paripennella Z.
    Coleophora sp.
    Coleophora sp.
    Ectoedemia pulverosella Stt.
    Yponomeuta malinellus Zell.
    Leucoptera scitella Z.
    Lyonetia clerkella L.
    Lyonetia prunifoliella Hb.
    Nepticula pomella Vaugh.
    Phyllonorycter blancardella F.
    Phyllonorycter corylifoliella Hb.
    Ramphus oxyacanthae Mrsh.
    Recurvaria nanella Hb.
    Stigmella desperatella Frey
    Stigmella malella Stt.
    Stigmella mali Hg.
Malva
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
    Trachys coruscus Ponza
Marrubium
    Coleophora sp.
    Dibolia sp.
    Phytobia lamii Kltb.
Medicago
    Agromyza frontella Rond.
    Agromyza nana Mg.
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Liriomyza trifolii Burg
    Phyllonorycter medicaginellaGeras.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Melilotus
    Agromyza frontella Rond.
    Agromyza nana Mg.
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Liriomyza trifolii Burg
    Phyllonorycter medicaginella Geras.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Mentha
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Phytobia labiatarum Hd.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
    Phytomyza petöi Hg
Mespilus
    Coleophora paripennella Z.
    Leucoptera scitella Z.
    Phyllonorycter corylifoliella Hb.
    Phyllonorycter mespilella Frey
    Ramphus oxyacanthae Mrsh.
    Recurvaria nanella Hb.
Nicotina
    Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Oxalis
    Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb.
Paliurus
    Bucculatrix albella Stt.
Papaver
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Petroselinum
    Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Phaseolus
    Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Pisum
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Plantago
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Longitarsus luridus Sc.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
    Phytomyza plantaginis R.D.
Polygonum
    Agromyza polygoni Hg.
    Agromyza sp.
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Populus
    Caloptilia stigmatella F.
    Ectoedemia turbidella Zell.
    Heterarthrus ochropoda Kl.
    Messa sp.
    Nepticula assimilella Z.
    Nepticula trimaculella Hw.
    Phyllocnistis unipunctella Stph.
    Phyllocnistis xenia Hg.
    Phyllonorycter comparella Dp.
    Phyllonorycter populifoliella Tr.
    Phyllonorycter sagitella Bjk.
    Phytagromyza populi Kltb.
    Phytagromyza populicola Hardy
    Rhynchaenus populi F.
    Stigmella subtrimaculella Dufr.
    Zeugophora flavicollis Mrsh.
Potentilla
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Fenella nigrita Westw.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Nepticula aëneofasciella H.S.
    Phorbia (Delia) echinata Ség.
Primula
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Prunus
    Coleophora
    paripennella Z.
    Coleophora sp.
    Ectoedemia spinopsella Joann.
    Leucoptera scitella Z.
    Nepticula plagicolella Stt.
    Parornix finitimella Z.
    Parornix torquillella Z.
    Phyllonorycter cerasicolella Z.
    Phyllonorycter spinicolella Z.
    Phyllonorycter corylifoliella Hb.
    Ramphus oxyacanthae Mrsh.
    Recurvaria nanella Hb.
    Stigmella prunetorum Stt.
    Tischeria gaunacella Dp.
Pyrus
    Coleophora kroneella
    Fuchs
    Leucoptera scitella Z.
    Parornix anguliferella Z.
    Phyllonorycter corylifoliella Hb.
    Phyllonorycter mespilella Frey
    Ramphus oxyacanthae Mrsh.
    Recurvaria nanella Hb.
    Stigmella pyri Glitz.
    Stigmella pyricolla Wck.
    Trachys minutus L.
Quercus
    Caloptilia alchimiella Sc.
    Diptera, nedet.
    Dyseriocrania subpurpurella Haw.
    Ectoedemia quinquella Bed.
    Phyllonorycter lautella Z.
    Phyllonorycter quercifoliella Z.
    Phyllonorycter roboris Z.
    Phyllonorycter sp.
    Profenusa pygmaea Kl.
    Rhynchaenus subfasciatus Gyllh.
    Stigmella atricapitella Hw.
    Stigmella caradjai Hg.
    Stigmella nigrosparsella Klim.
    Stigmella samiatella Z.
    Stigmella sp.
    Stigmella zimmermanni Hg.
    Tischeria dodonaea Stt.
    Tischeria ekebladella Bjk.
Ranunculus
    Phytomyza ranunculi Schrk
Raphanus
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Rhamnus
    Bucculatrix frangulella Goeze
    Calybites quadrisignella Z.
    Stigmella catharticella Stt.
    Stigmella rhamnella H.S.
    Calybites quadrisignella Z.
Robinia
    Parectopa robiniella Clem.
    Phyllonorycter robiniella Clem.
Rosa
    Coleophora gryphipennella Bche
    Stigmella anomalella Goeze
    Stigmella centifoliella Z.
    Tischeria
    angusticolella Dp.
Rubus
    Coleophora sp.
    Metallus pumilus Kl.
    Nepticula splendidissimella H.S.
    Stigmella bolli Frey
    Stigmella fruticosella Mll.-Rtz.
    Tischeria heinemanni Wck.
    Tischeria marginea Hw.
Rumex
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Pegomya nigritarsis Ztt.
Ruta
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Sambucus
    Liriomyza amoena Mg.
Saponaria
    Coleophora saponariella Heeg
    Dizygomyza flavifrons Mg.
    Phytobia flavifrons Mg.
Sinapis
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza brassicae Ril.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
    Psylliodes chrysocephala L.
Solanum
    Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
Sorbus
    Leucoptera scitella Z.
    Lyonetia clerkella L.
    Phyllonorycter corylifoliella Hb
    Phyllonorycter sorbi Frey
    Phyllonorycter sp.
    Ramphus oxyacanthae Mrsh.
    Recurvaria nanella Hb.
    Stigmella ariella H.S.
    Stigmella nylanderiella Tgstr.
    Stigmella torminalis Wood.
Spinacia
    Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb.
Tagetes
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Taraxacum
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
    Phytomyza taraxaci Hd.
    Trypeta immaculata Mcq.
Tilia
    Parna tenella Klug.
    Stigmella tiliae Frey
    Trachys minutus L.
Trifolium
    Agromyza frontella Rond.
    Agromyza nana Mg.
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Liriomyza trifolii Burg
    Phyllonorycter insignitella Z.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Tussilago
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Phytomyza horticola Gour
Ulmus
    Bucculatrix albedinella Z.
    Bucculatrix ulmifoliae Hg.
    Coleophora limosipennella Dp.
    Kaliofenusa (Fenusa) ulmi Sund.
    Nepticula marginicolella Stt.
    Phyllonorycter agilella Z.
    Phyllonorycter schreberella F.
    Stigmella ulmiphaga Preiss.
    Stigmella ulmivora Fol.
    Stigmella viscerella Stt.
    Trachys minutus L.
Urtica
    Agromyza anthracina Mg.
    Agromyza reptans Fll.
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
Viola
    Cnephasia incertana Tr.
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.
    Metopomyza violiphaga Hd.
Xantium
    Liriomyza strigata Mg.

REFERENCES
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